Introduction Air quality management (AQM) refers to the strategies, policies, and practices aimed at monitoring, controlling, and improving the quality of air to protect human health and the environment. In South Africa, a country with a diverse economy heavily reliant on mining, industry, and energy production, effective AQM is crucial. As of 2026, South Africa ranks 47th globally in air pollution, with an average Air Quality Index (AQI) of 69 and PM2.5 concentrations at 18.76 µg/m³—nearly four times the World [...]

Water is the essence of life, yet South Africa is one of the 30 most water-scarce countries in the world, with an average annual rainfall of only about 464–497 mm — far below the global average. Only a small fraction of rainfall becomes usable surface water or groundwater due to high evaporation rates. As we stand in February 2026, the country faces escalating challenges from climate change, population growth, aging infrastructure, and high non-revenue water losses (often over 40–46%). South [...]